Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 critical elements of learning?

The correct answer is complacency because it is not recognized as one of the four critical elements of learning. The critical elements typically include motivation, reinforcement, retention, and transfer of learning, which are essential for effective education and training.

Motivation is crucial as it drives an individual's desire to engage with learning material. Without motivation, learners may lack the enthusiasm needed to absorb new information. Reinforcement helps to solidify learning by providing positive feedback and rewards, which encourages learners to continue mastering the material. Retention involves the ability to store and recall learned information, ensuring that knowledge is accessible for future use.

In contrast, complacency suggests a state of self-satisfaction and a lack of effort to improve or learn further. This mindset can impede the learning process by fostering an attitude that minimizes the importance of acquiring new knowledge or skills. Therefore, complacency does not fit as a critical element necessary for effective learning, making it the correct choice.